HTTPS Everywhere Now Supports Secure Browsing on Over 1,000 Sites

Firefox: Firefox extension HTTPS everywhere, which switches your browser to SSL automatically for any web sites where a secure connection is available, just hit version 1.0 and now supports well over 1000 sites, including Facebook, Google, Twitter, Tor, and others. 

HTTPS Everywhere is a product by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and is currently only available for Firefox. The EFF notes that they want to build Chrome version, but unfortunately the extension wouldn't work in Chrome without changes to the browser's source. The last time we looked at HTTPS everywhere, it only supported a handful of sites. Now, the extension boasts hundreds of new ones, including file transfer and upload services, social networks, and more. The new version also addresses some of the performance issues in the beta version.      source

Foxconn MotherBoard G41 User Manual & Bios File

Foxconn MotherBoard G41 User Manual

Foxconn g41md bios file

Why choose Laser Printer for effective printing ?

Computer printers are an important peripheral for any business houses today. The use of printer is endless you can use a printer for printing reports, documents, publishing newsletters or for just printing photos. There are many types of printers but one of the most preferred printers in many big business houses today is a laser printer.

A laser printer utilizes a laser beam to produce an image on a drum. The light that the laser releases alters the electrical charge on the drum. The drum is then rolled through a toner picked up by the charged portions of the drum. Finally the toner is transferred to the paper through a combination of heat and transfer.

Laserjet Printing
Laser printers are considered to be the most ideal printing tools for printing today. Initially due to their high cost they were only favorable to big business houses however off late with a fall in prices they have been accepted in both homes and office environments.

Laser printer is known for its high quality text printing and excellent graphics printing. Though laser printer has a much higher initial cost as compared to inkjet printers or dot-matrix printers but they have a comparatively much lower running cost.

Laser printers are controlled through page description languages (PDLs). Page description languages have two de facto standards

Printer Control Language (PCL)
Postscript
Most software can print using either of these page description languages. PostScript is more expensive than PCL but it has additional features that PCL lacks.

Tips that can help you select the right printer

Decide what type of documents you will be printing

Decide what features you will need like ability to handle large files, ability to print on various media, two or more paper trays etc

Compare the print quality of different printers

Compare the resolutions of different printers

Compare the speed specifications of different printers

Check whether the printer’s paper path is sharper than 90 degrees to handle envelopes, card stock and transparencies.

Compare printer warranties and service contacts.

If you sit and work upon the above useful tips you will realize that laser printer just fits the bill.

7 Awesome Computer Tricks

Enable administrator at welcome screen:

This is a simple trick for those who are still using Windows XP. All you need to do is to make your computer more secure and restrict access by enabling the need for the administrator to log on for accessing the welcome screen also. How you go about doing this is by opening the control panel followed by administrative tools, followed by local security policy, and expand local policies, click on the security options and ensure that you enable the administrator status is enabled. By default this is disabled and is best to enable this.

Make your menus load faster:

You will love this tweak for this can make your computer load faster and is much more relaxing in a very urgent situation. This is how this tweak is done:

Go to START and choose RUN – Type ‘Regedit’ and then click ‘OK’ – Find “HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Control Panel\Desktop\” – Select “MenuShowDelay” – Right click and select “Modify” – Reduce the number to around “100”.

What you are actually doing is delaying the time for the menu to load within 100 seconds, which is the optimal speed at which the user can use the system. This is possible to set this to zero, but that is too fast for even an expert user like you to use. After all, we are all human beings!

Disable CD/DVD or USB AutoRun:

This is one of the interesting tricks that will prevent form any virus getting into your system by disabling the Autorun of any removable drives like CD, DVD and Pen Drives. How do you go about getting this set on your system?

Click Start, Run and enter GPEDIT.MSC – Goto computer configuration and choose Administrative templates followed by system – locate the entry for turn autoplay off and double click on it – click on enable – choose all drives to disable all drives or only the CD ROM, through which only most of the time the virus comes. Apply and get ready to go!

Remove delete confirmation messages:

Having this message is both a good thing as well as a time consuming one, for the presence of this message gives you a second thought of having this file deleted or not especially when you are deleting very important files. Right click on the “recycle bin” on the desktop and then click on “properties” and choose to clear the “Display delete confirmation dialog” check box and click “ok”, however, you can always restore your file from the recycle bin.

Boot your computer faster:

Everyone should know this very important trick, as you will realize that how a slight change in your system could drastically speed up the work process. Press START to run and type MSCONFIG and press enter. Go to the start up tab to see a list of startup items, all of which will start up when you boot up your PC everytime. What you need to do is to uncheck all the unwanted programs like MS-office, messengers and restart the PC to find yourself awestruck.

Single Click Shutdown:

When you are in a hurry you can still shut down your computer at a single click which will save you heaps of time as sometime every second counts. This is what you need to do is to right click on the empty space in the desktop, select a new and choose shortcut, type shutdown followed by a space, and then enter one or more of the parameters listed below to click next and type a name to finish. This is how you will set up a program for single shutdown click and this program is SHUTDOWN.exe.

Rename multiple files at once:

It is possible to rename several similar files at one go and this is how you do this, especially useful when you download the picture files from the camera. Open the My Picture folder, and choose all the files that you would like to rename, press CTRL and click on the files to select and right click to choose Rename, type the new name and press enter.

Fundamental of Computer

An Introduction to the computer

Computer is an electronic machine that accepts information, processes it according to the specific instructions, and provides the results as new information.
To begin with, you most understand he impact of computer in the world today; Computers are affecting our lives in one-way or the other. Airlines, telephone and electricity bills, banking, medical diagnoses, and weather forecast...The list of services using computers is almost endless.
You must have noticed that some uses of computers, or applications of computers, have made life much easier for you-your air ticket is now issued in a mater of minutes and your credit card gets 
processed very fast. However, there is something about the computer that might make your fell a little uneasy. Perhaps, a feeling that is far more intelligent and informed and too complex to operate. You may be surprised to know that the computer can't perform any task without you. The computer needs to be instructed on exactly what it has to do.
The computer can store and manipulate large quantities of data at very high speed and even though, it can't think. It can make simple decisions and comparisons. For example, a computer can determine which two numbers is larger or which of two names comes first alphabetically and then act upon that decision. Although the computer can help to solve a wide variety of problems, It is merely a machine and can't solve problem on its own. It must be provided with instructions is the form of a computer program.
A program is a list of instructions written in a special language that the computer understands. It tells the computer which operations to perform and in what sequence to perform them.
In simply a computer is an electronic device that can accept input ands store data, process it and produce output.


Computer has basically three parts:

Keyboard
System Unit (CPU) Central Processing Unit
Monitor (VDU) Visual Display Unit
A Keyboard is used to enter data, which is nothing but characters and numbers, into the computer. We can compare those keys of the typewriter. A system unit receives this data from the keyboard and holds on to it, until it is needed.
A monitor is like a TV screen where whatever is retrieved from the computer can be displayed.

History of Computer
Computers are developed as a result of man's search for a faster way to calculate. Computer is very fast because data and instructions are represented as pulses within electronic circuits and they travel at the speed of light. The inventions and ideas of many mathematicians and scientists led to the development of the computer.
The first mechanical calculating machines were invented during the 1600's. It was in 1642, that liaise Pascal developed the first mechanical calculating machine. The calculating machine could be used for addition and subtraction.
In 1671, Gottfried Leibniz's a German philosopher and mathematician constructed a calculator that was an improvement on Pascal's invention. This machine could add, subtract, multiply, divide and extract roots.
In the 1830's, an Englishman Charles Babbage devised the analytical engine, a kind of calculating machine. The analytical engine used axis and gears to computer values and store them and was designed to be a general purpose device that could be used to perform any mathematical operation automatically. The device includes memory, a central processing unit, input/output, and the use of programming language. All these are key elements in today's computers. That's why Babbage is often referred to as the father of the modern day Computer.
Lady Augusta add Lovelace was a mathematician, and a long time supporter of Babbage. Lovelace thought of way to program the machine, so that it would repeat the same set of instructions and carry out instructions, If certain conditions exist. These techniques are till in use today. These techniques are still in use today, to make computer programs more efficient. Because of her work, many consider Lovelace, to be the First programmer.

Computer Generation

First Generation (1943-1958)
The storage media or memory used in the first generation computer was vacuum tube. ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first electronic general computer. It used vacuum tubes (18,000) and could do 300 multiplications per second.

Second Generation (1958-1965)
The computers using transistors as storage media were classified as second Generation computers. One transistor could do the task of 1000 vacuum tubes. Second generation computers were relatively smaller than the first generation computers. Computers were much faster and reliable. They had greater computing capacity.

Third Generations (1965-1973)
Third Generation computers were general-purpose computers. In 1964, International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation announced its system 360 family of mainframe computers. They are much faster as they used small chips containing thousands of parts integrated in them. Floppy disks. Hard disk, taps of card were used in this generation of computers. Large scale integration (LSI) about 20,000 transistors.

Fourth Generation (1973- Now)
While third generation computers saw the use of integrated circuits in building computers, the fourth generation is characterized by the increased number of circuits, allows more data to be stored on a memory chip. Lare Scale Integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI), allows memory chips having thousands of storage locations. Fourth generation computers have microprocessor, which have serial numbers. The serial numbers indicates the capability of computer and speed as well.

Fifth Generation

There are three factors that are said to characterize the fifth generation of computers; mega-chip memories, advanced parallel processing, and artificial intelligence. A mega-chip can have more than one million storage locations. With parallel data processing thousands of instructions can be processed simultaneously. Fifth generation computers are expected to have artificial intelligence.

The Personal Computer
The most popular form of the computer in use today is probably the PC or the personal Computer. The PC can be used for various applications. In fact, there are million of PCs already used by individuals and organizations. The PC us small in size but capable enough to handle large tasks. It can perform a divers range of functions, from keeping track of household accounts to keeping records of the stores of a large manufacturing company.

Other Computer Systems
The PC is although the most popular computer system, there are other computer system too, which are categorized on the basis of size, cost; and performance.
Before we describe some of these computer systems. It is essential to understand the term, system. A system is a group of integrated parts that have a common purpose of achieving an objective. These parts or components of the PC system will be discussed in detail, later in the course. A popular system is the Mini-Computer, which is a small, general- Purpose computer. It can vary in size from a small desktop model to the size of a small filing cabinet. A typical mini system is more expensive than a PC and surpasses it in storage capacity and speed. While most PCs are oriented towards single users, mini systems are usually designed to simultaneously handle the needs of multiple users,, I.E. more than one person use a mini computer at the same time.
A mainframe is another form of a computer system that is generally more powerful than a typical mini system. Mainframe themselves may very widely in cost and capability. They are used in large organizations for large-scale jobs.
However, there is an overlap between the expensive Mini's and small Mainframe models in terms of cost and capability. Similarly, there is an overlap between the more powerful PC systems and the Mini Computer.
At the end of the size and capability scales are the Super Computers. There systems are the largest, fastest and the most expensive computers in the world. They are used for complex scientific and defense applications.

Benefits and Limitations of Computers

The fact that computers have made their impact of almost all aspects of life in today's world can hardly be questioned. The question that you may ask here is how do you benefit from using a computer.

A computer provides three basic benefits:
Speed
Accuracy (Accurate work)
Diligence (care full hard work or toady effort)

Computers work at very high speeds and are much faster than humans. The human equivalent of an average computer would be one million mathematicians working 24 hours a day. A computer rarely makes mistakes. In fact, most computer errors are cusec by human facilities. Unlike human, computers simply do not get bother or tired. The monotony of repetitive works does not affect computer. Unanticipated situation arises, computer will either produce erroneous results or abandon the task altogether. They do not have the potential to work out and alternative solution.

Computer of a PC system -the Hardware.
Now that you know the benefits and limitations of computer. let us move on to identifying each component of the personal computer with which you will be working during the course. The until that resembles a TV screen is called the Monitor, or more commonly VDU, short form for visual Display Unit.
The component that closely resembles a typewriter is called the Keyboard. The box like structure that houses the necessary components to run the system is called the system unit.
The Printer, as the name suggests, is used to print the results of any operation.
The tiny device connected to the system unit through a cord, resembling a tail is called a Mouse. Moving the Mouse produces a corresponding movement of an arrowhead on the VDU.
These devices are collectively known as the Hardware. Thus hardware comprises of all the physical components of a PC system.

How does a computer work ?
Most activities follow the basic principal of Input-Process-Output. Consider an automobile assembly line. The raw materials are forwarded to the assembling unit. This activity constitutes the Input part of the cycle. The process is the actual building of the automobile. There the process acts upon what has been the input and produces the Output, which in this case would be the finished automobile.
Like all other activities, a computer system follows the Input-Output process or I-P-O cycle. This can best illustrate by an example of an airlines reservation. A person who whishes to travel by air between Singapore and New York first has to fill in a request slip. This contains relevant data, I.E., details of name, age, place of destination, etc. The booking clerk keys in the data from the request slip into the computer. The process in this case includes examining the flight number, the date of the journey, the class requested and determining whether seats are available as per the reservation details. The output of this process is some information confirming the booking, if seats are available, otherwise, the computer turning down the request may issue message.
Let us see how each component of the PC system is related to the I-P-O cycle. The data in the request slip is input the input in computer is via the keyboard. Hence, the keyboard is an input device. The processing is performed by a component of the system unit called the Microprocessor. The information reading availability of seats is displayed on the VDU. Hence, the VDU is an Output Device. As mentioned earlier, the term hardware comprises the input and Output Devices along with the system unit.

A closer Look at the Hardware

Keyboard:
The keyboard has already been identified as an input device. This is a component that closely resembles a typewriter console.
While working on the PC using a keyboard, you eill notice a flashing point on the VDU. This is the cursor. When you press a keyboard, a character is displayed at the point where the cursor is flashing and the cursor moves one position forward. The keyboard provides different keys to perform various operations. (Refer below table)

Key	Function
F1-F12 (Function Table)	Used to perform special functions that depend on the software that is being used
Caps lock	Use to execute an instruction or data being keyed in through the keyboard.
Shift	Caps lock off: If pressed simultaneously with a character key, a capitalized alphabet is input. Caps lock on: If reverses the above effect. Also used to input the upper, symbols of keys with two symbols or characters on them.
Ctrl, Alt	Pressed with other keys, they input special message to the computer.
Backspace	Used to erase the characters to the left of the cursor position.
Num-Lock	Used to activate the numeric keys on the numeric keypad.
Cursor Movement Keys	Used to move the cursor in direction indicated
Home, End, Page Up, Page Down	Used to perform special functions, with which you will become familiar during the course.
Insert	Used to insert characters at the current cursor position.
Delete	Used to delete characters at the current cursor position
Esc	Depends on application, usually used to cancel a command.
Print screen	Used to print whatever is displayed on the screen.

Mouse:
A mouse is a small device that is connected to the system unit by means of a long wire. This is another input device, whose movement causes the corresponding movement of a pointer on the screen. It usually has two or three buttons. Using it, the user can select options from the screen.

Visual Display Unit (VDU)
Let us take a closer look at an output device. Data that has been processed needs to be displayed to the user. This is done using the monitor or the VDU. The VDU is similar to a TV screen and can display both text and graphic images. These displays can be either in black & white or color.

Printer:
The output on the VDU can't be stored for later reference. For a permanent output, you would require a printer that is also a common output device Using the printer, you can obtain the output on the paper. Printer are capable of printing at very high speeds. The printers commonly used with the PC are the coot-matrix printer, the ink-jet printer and the laser printer.

System Unit:
When data is input to a computer, it is processed and an output is produced at the output device. Processing takes place in the system unit. The component of the system unit that is involved in the actual processing is the microprocessor; another component of the system unit is the internal storage.

Internal Storage
Besides the microprocessor, the system unit also contains a storage area where the data is stored before belong actually processed. This storage area is called the internal storage. It is also referred to as primary storage, main memory or Random Access memory (RAM). Internal storage capacities may differ in different PC's. Typically, a PC will have an internal storage capacity of 640,000 characters or more.
In computer technology, the storage capacity of a PC is measured in terms of bytes. Where one byte can store one character. Character here refers to any alphabet, number or other symbol. Therefore, to tore the ward Computer, 8 bytes would be required, Just as there is a basic unit, gram, and another unit, kilogram to measure weight, there is also byte and kilobyte (KB) to measure storage capacity. One KB is approximately equal to 1000 bytes. Therefore, 1 KB can store approximately 1000 characters. Another common unit of measurement of storage capacity is the megabyte (MB). which is equal to approximately 1000 KB. High Target capacities are measured in terms of Gigabytes (GB). One GB is approximately equal to 1000 MB.

External Storage
Since the internal storage capacity of PC is limited, it places a restriction on how much data can be stored at a time for processing. However, this is not the only draw back, once the PC is switched off, or in case off a power failure, all the data stored in the internal storage is lost. This means that every time you want to work on the PC, you would have to input the data required for processing. External storage is also refereed to as secondary storage.

There are two kinds of external storage media used with a PC, they are:Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
Another media for external storage is the cartridge tape, It is particularly suitable for storage of large volume of data. Now CD-ROM and Magneto Optical (MO_ disk have also became an important media to tore large volume of data.
Floppy Dist Hard Disk
Also refereed to as diskettes of floppies. Also referred to as the fix disk.
Removable. Suitable for data from one computer to another. Non-removable. It is attached within the system unit.
Made of flexible tiny materiel. Less resistant to damage by heat, dust and accidental twists. Less prone to damage since it is within that system unit and is packed airtight.
The diskettes currently in use have a diameter of 3.5 inches with a storage capacity of 730 KB or 1.44 MB. Can store data in the range of 20 Mg to 40 GB.
Diskettes having a diameter of 5.25 inches and typical storage capacity of 360 KB are also used, slowly being phased out

Comparison between a Diskette and a Hard Disk.

Disk Drive
The disk drive is contained within the system unit. The drive for diskettes is called Diskettes drive while the drive for a hard disk is called the Hard disk drive.

It is important to differentiate between the storage media and storage devices. The diskette and the hard disk on which data is stored are the storage media, the disk drivers are the devices used for reading and writing. Going back to the analogy of the cassette tape recorder mentioned earlier. The cassette tape would be called storage medium while the cassette player is the storage device.

Software

A PC is incapable of performing any task with the hardware alone. It requires instructions that determine whether it will function as desired or not. Like data, instructions are also entered via the keyboard. In computer terminology, a set of instructions is called a program and one or more programs are called software.

Software used on computers may be of different types. Some important classes of software are:
Application Software
Compiler Software
The Operation Software

Application Software

We spoke of computer applications and identified certain areas where computers being used today. Software specially suited for specific applications is now available in the market, for example, software for billing systems, accounting software or software that enables the storage of documents. Such software is called application software since it is designed for a specific application.

Application software that takes care of variety of business and corporate needs can now be bought off the shelf. These are called standard software packages. They are reasonably priced and come on any standard PC.

Two popular standard software packages are Financial Accounting and Inventory control packages.

Though these packages are for very specific applications, there are general application software's like database management systems (DEMS). spreadsheets and word processors.

A spreadsheet package allows a user to enter number data, specify formula and perform calculations. Graphs can also be generated from the given data. A word processing package converts a PC into a sophisticated typewriting machine. It has the facility to perform spell checks, provide for synonyms, and allow changes or correcting in the document without having to re-type the entire document.

Compiler Software

Consider the case of four persons Rita, Bunu, Buddha Laxmi, Pramod, Amar, Anita who understand and speak English, Hindi, Nepali and Spanish respectively. To be able to understand each other, they would require some person or persons who could translate whatever is spoken into the language that each can understands.

Similarly, since there are so many programs written in different computer languages. The hardware also needs a translator to convert the computer language into a form that it can understand.

The computer only understands a language of electrical signals, called machine language. Software called the compiler converts the computer language into machine language. for example, there is a C complier that converts program written in the C language or machine language.

Operating system Software

Beside the application software and compiler software. There is a third kind of software, called the operating system, which is very important for the working of the PC.

When a user wants to store any data or program, it is stored at a location that is known only to the operating system. Therefore, the operating system performs the task of storage management. The operating system also performs device management. For instance, when a user wants to print information on the printer, or display information on the VDU, He or she does not have to bother about the actual transportation of the information from the internal storage to the VDU or to the printer. The operating system takes care of it.

All application software packages are written in computer language. There are various computer languages like C,C++, Fortran and Pascal, Each language is best suited for a particular application. C and C++ languages are used to develop highly complex software. Fortran is used for scientific application. Each language has its own vocabulary. There are some packages like Fox-Pro, Ms Access and Sybase that are more English like. Thus, even non-computer professionals, like executives and managers who have never studied computer science, cans learn to use these languages. So each language has its own vocabulary, each language differs form the other.

Memory is the name of parts of computer that is use to store data. Programs and data are stored in the memory unit of the CPU during processing. Memory consists of storage locations. Memory is of two forms. Primary storage of main memory is of two types.
Read only memory (ROM)
Random access memory (RAM)
There are certain essential functions that the computer must perform when it is switched on.

ROM:-It is permanently in built into the computer at the time of its production. ROM is also called firmware. It stores a set of instruction and instructs the computer how to work. The user cannot change these instructions. ROM is non-volatile, that is, when computer goes off this instruction is not lost.
RAM:- It is short-term memory of volatile memory. That is, when the computer is switched ON, the memory, which available to use, is RAM, but when the computer is switched OFF, all the information disappears. RAM is temporary whereas ROM is permanent memory.

So if we have some important pike of work that we would like to keep, we use secondary storage.

Secondary storage allows string large volumes of data. The contents of secondary storage are not lost when the power is turned OFF.

Secondary storage device are: -

Hard Disk
Floppy Disk

Hard Disks: -
Hard disk is a large capacity, permanent storage area that offers access to the information stored on it. it is just like a long record and is made of smooth metal or molar plastic, which is coated with magnetic material. Kate is stored and retrieved in blocks. The tracks are therefore divided into block size regions called sectors. Typically, 512 bytes per sector are stored. Control data is recorded on the disk to indicate the start and end points of.

Sector. Hard disk is always fixed in the computer and cannot be removed. Huge number of data can be stored in this type of storage media.

Floppy Disk:
Floppy disks are magnetically coated disks on which information; both programs and data typed form the keyboard, can be stored and retrieved. Floppy disks are put into and taken out of a disk drive. These are made of Mylar plastic combed which magnetic oxide and are 5.25 and 3.5 inched in diameter.

CD-ROM (Compact disk Read Only Memory)
It is non - erasable disk used for storing computer data.

Internal Computer System
Computer is a group of integrated parts that have the purpose of performing the operations called the program, which being executed qualifies it to be called a system.

Computer system is basically made of input unit, by which data can be give to the computer, Central processing Unit, which does all arithmetic and logic operations, and Out put Unit which displays the result of these processing.

The data and instructions are understood by the main memory of computer where its Central processing Unit (CPU) takes place.

The processing result are displayed on the screen (Monitor) or printed by a printer.

The output devices are Monitor or Printer.
The computer set of parts is called computer system.
Thus, in a computer system, perfect communication exits.
The main machine consists of primary unit (also called main memory) holds data instructions and result of processing.
The Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is used to perform a calculation and make comparisons. (Decision).
The control unit (CU) co-ordinates flow of data among the various components.

The ALU and CU are together called the central processing unit or (CPU). the CPU is the main and heart combined which the central nervous system of computer.

Impute Device: Input devices are main types but basically they are meant for presenting the information to the computer in a form understandable to its machine.
Output device: The results of any computer processing have to be communicated to the user. Output devices translate the computer output into a form understandable to the human beings.

Control Unit

The control unit directs all operations inside the computer. It is known as nerve center of the computer because it controls and co-ordinates all hardware operations.

Functions: It is used to transfer data from the input device to the memory output through ALU and also transfer the results from ALU to the memory and into the output device for printing.

Arithmetic Logic Unit: ALU operates on the data available in the main memory and amends them back after processing once again to the main memory.

Functions: It carries out arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Control Unit

Input Arithmetic Logic Output
Device Unit Device

Main Memory
(RAM & ROM)
(Primary Storage)

Hard Disk
Floppy Disk
(Secondary Storage)

Control Processing Unit

It is the brain of the computer, which does the actual work of processing. Every input given to the computer needs to be processed before the actual output. The central processing Unit and its components. The CPU is an important part also called as the heart of the computer, having many more sub-components that are essential and perform discrete functions. Some of the main components in the CPU are discussed below.

1] SWITCH MODE POWER SUPPLY
All computer components require power supply, which the system draws from the AC mains. The internal power supply does the work of converting the AC input 230 volts into DC output of 5 and 12 volts. The internal power supply us normally as AMPS which provides the cable connections through which power is supplied as per the required voltage to the various, other units like the drivers, the mother board, the keyboard etc.

Whenever the CPU is switched ON/OFF, it is the SMPS, which is, switched ON/OFF, as the external switch is a part of the SMPS.

2] EXHAUST FAN
Whenever the computer is switched on, a fan that is part of the SMPS also starts functioning to give a cooling effect inside the SMPS unit.

3] SPEAKER
A small studio speaker is connected to the motherboard and is used to produce sound effect whenever required in various software programs.

4] MOTHERBOARD
One of the major components of the CPU is the Motherboard, which is large board containing a number of small chips and other additional electronic devices or components. The peripheral attachments are connected to the motherboard. The motherboard has important components like the Microprocessor, Clock, Memory RAM and ROM (Chips).

Microprocessor: The entire PC design is based on this chip. It can do all the mathematical calculations, comparisons logical operations and also attending to requests form attachments are connected like printers, restarting computer etc. The must widely used microprocessor used in computers is form Intel Company. They are usually available as 80286, 80386, 80486 and the Pentium chip.

Clock: The time keeping is done by a clock, which provides signals by way of pulses to set up working pace. The speed of the clock is measured on the frequency of these pluses. The unit of measurement is in MHz or on the basic of the number of instructions per second. A quartz crystal is used giving accurate timings.

Memory: The internal or Main Memory is in the form of chips. Here is the actual place where the RAM and ROM are.
Bus: The Microprocessor works on the data stored in the RAM, Additionally the instructions stored in ROM has to be brought into the RAM whenever required, and therefore communication is essential between the microprocessor and the memory chips as well as other found on the motherboard. This requires communication or interaction is accomplished through a set of wires running between the various components. These wires are called as Buses. There are various types of Bus or wires depending upon the information they carry, the two main types are Data Bus, a set of 8 wires approximately for carrying the address or location where the data is to be stored in the memory.

Ports: Input-Output devices like the printer, keyboard, Mouse etc are connected the CPU through sockets called as Ports. The Microprocessor communicates which the external world through the port. In other words they are the inlets and outlets of the microprocessor. The ports are basally of two types parallel and serial. A parallel port is capable of transmitting full byte. I.e. 8 bites are transferred simultaneously at a time, whereas, in case of a serial port eight bits Queue up and are then send through the cable.

DATA REPRESENTATION

Information is handled in the computer by electrical components such as transistors, integrated circuits, semi conductors, and wires, all of which can only indicate two states or conditions. Transistors are either conducting or non-conducting; magnetic materials are either magnetized or no magnetized in one direction or in the opposite direction; a pulse or voltage's present or not present all information is represented within the computer by the presence or absence of these various signals.

The starting point of computer data-the smallest, most fundamental unit is called the 'bit' . The word 'bit' is a charming contraction for a longer and clumsier expression. 'Binary digit'. We're all familiar with the ten decimal digits, 0 through 9 that are used to express the numbers that we work with. Binary digits, in sort bits are similar, but while there are ten distinct decimal digits, there are only two different bit values, 'Zero' and 'One' which are written, naturally enough, as '0' and '1'

The bits '0' and '1' represent 'off' and 'on'. The bit is the smallest possible chunk of information in the computer. Bits serve as a building block with which we can construct and work with large and more meaningful amount of information. The most important and most interesting collection of bits is the 'Byte'. a byte is eight bits, taken together as a single unit of computer data. The memory capacity of a computer or the storage capacity of the disk is measured in bytes.
Bits & Bytes

8 bits=1 Byte=1 Character
1 Byte-00110011=8 Bites
1024 bytes=1 Kilo Byte (KB)
1024 K.B=1 Mega Byte (MB)
1024M.B.=1 Giga Byte (GB)
1024 B.G= 1 Tera Byte (TB)

VIRUS

What is virus ?
A Virus is an actively infections, malicious computer program that place copies of itself into other applications and programs, but not data files or documents. The reason why a virus attaches itself to an executable program is in order to perform destructive action. It has to get executed. Thus, it remains dormant until a user runs the application or program to which it is attached.

When a virus-infected program is executed it leads to the infection of all portions of the memory and then infects the files on the disks. So this is how it may lead to infection of a disk on another computer and thereby spreading the virus through the new system leading to a loss of stored information or data.

A computer virus is basically a program written for destructive purpose. It is written in such a way that it can enter the computer without knowledge of the of the machine or the user. It enters the machine through an infected floppy or a program. It has therefore the capability to make prefect couples of itself and cause abnormal functioning of the machine.

Viruses are brain works of intelligent programmers who are well averse with the intricate chip level manipulation of codes Effects of a virus infection-
1) Corrupt files leading to data loss.
2) Increase files sizes.
3) Interference with display on the monitor.
4) Formatting of the Hard Disk thereby destroying data.
5) Destroying the File Allocation Table.
6) Slowing down of the system.
7) Marking good sectors as bad.
8) Frequent hanging of machines.

BOOT-SECTOR OR PARTITION:
Table virus; A boot-sector virus replaces itself for the bootstrap loader and a partition table virus substitutes itself for the master boot program. This makes such various get loaded every time the machine is switched on. When the virus gets loaded into RAM. It goes infecting all the files on the disk. Also to show that the processing of data is going on normally the virus transfers control to the original bootstrap loader so that the booting procedure can take place normally. Some examples of boot sector/partition table viruses are (c) Brain. PC tone and ? Birthday Joshi. Other example are 13th Friday, Alabama, Ping-Pong ball virus (bouncing ball). Dark Avenger, BOXA virus, etc.

MS-DOS 6.22

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM act as an interface between user and the computer. Did operating system the programs that manage the disk operating and memory location. Managing the disk operation involves reading, writhng, searching, and shorting etc. the contents on to, the disk other operating systems are UNIX, XENIX, OS/2 etc.

EVOSUTION OF DOS.
The home computers were very successful in USA and this inspired IBM (international business Machine) to introduce small computers (PC' s or Personal computers) into the market. They also wanted and operating system for their Pac range. Mr. Bill Gates of Microsoft purchased the copyright of an operating system called Q DOS (Quickly and dirty Operating system), which was developed by Mr. Tim Peterson and used that as a basic for another operating system known as MS-DOS. There was an understanding between Microsoft and IBM and copy of MS-DOS is sold which every IBM computer.

WHAT IS PC-DOS?

PC-DOS and MS-DOS both refer to the same operating system. The only difference is that IBM has manufactured PC-DOS and Microsoft has manufactured MS-DOS.

What is an operating system?

An operating system is a set of software programs, which provide an interface between the user machines.

function of an operating system

Al manery management whenever any program is executed or any job is run it has be loaded into memory first, But before your program is loaded into memory the CS has to check any memory is free to gibe allocated to your fob and after the execution of your program the allocate memory is freed so that it can be allocated job.

BI CPU Management: The CPU does the actual processing of the jobs or programs. The CPU gets the job or program form the memory and processing. It after processing the job, the cup to the various jobs this function is called kip scheduling.

CI Disk Management: Whenever the users need to retrieve any files form the disk they need not bother about how and where the files are stored. It is the job of the operating system to keep a track of all the file addresses on the disk and retrieves them as and when required.

DI Input/Output Management: The computer system is attached to many peripheral devices like the keyboard, printer, mouse etc. It is OS which performs the task of co-ordination all the input and output devices.

EI User Interface: The machine understands only the language of '0' and '1' and the cannabis that are as a user give to it are in English like language. There has user and the machine to translate the English like commands into machine language and vice versa. It is the

e Os, which acts a bridge between the user and machine.

Single user and Multi User Operating system

A single user operating system is one, which supports only a single use at one time. Where as a multi-user operating system supports a number if users at one time. Examples, of multi user operating system are Unix, XENIX; the latest versions of does are also multi-use where as the earlier various are single users. File security is required in a multi user operating system.

Ms Word

Microsoft word is a very powerful, advance and useful word-processing software which is developed by Microsoft Corporation, USA. It has all kind of word processing facilities like To create, edit, format, save and print document, to check spellings and grammar, to search for synonyms and antonyms (thesaurus), to work with newspaper columns, tables, to add footnotes and endnotes, page number, special symbols, bookmarks, comments, to insert the picture, objects (e.g. video clips, audio clips, power point presentations, equations, AutoCAD drawings etc.). Table of contents and index. Its extension is DOC.
In spite of above-mentioned matters, there are many other features available

in WinWord, which help us to furnish a document (e.g. report, letter, essay etc.) in such a way that we can produce the professional outlook. Now a day, WinWord is considered as the best word-processing software. 

How to open Microsoft word?

• Click on Start menu.
• Choose Program
• Choose the Ms- Office (or)
• Select Microsoft Word 2000/xp
                  OR
• Click on Start Bottom
• Choose Run
• Then a dialogue box will display.
• Type the text "WinWord" into Run box.
• Click on OK
• Then your required program (Word) will open

Cursor Movement:

Page setup             One Page UP.
Page Down            Go to Page Down.
Up Arrow              Move One Line Up.
Down Arrow         Move One Line Down
Left Arrow            Move One Character Left.
Right Arrow          Move One Character Right.
End Key               Move End of the Line.
Home Key            Move to Begining of the line of Document.

FILE MENU

New (CTRL +N)

This option is used to create the new document.

1. Click on File menu and choose new option.
2. Then a dialogue box will be display.
3. Select Blank Document.
4. Click on OK bottom.

OPEN (CTRL+O)
This option is used to open the saving document.

1. Click on File menu
2. Choose Open option.
3. Then a dialogue box will be display.
4. Choose the required drive from Dropdown list
5. Choose required file name
6. Click on Open bottom.

Save (Ctrl +S)
Saves the active file with its current file name, Location drive, Create new folder and format.

1. Click on File menu
2. Choose Save option.
3. A dialogue box will display
   
4. Type the file name at file name box.
5. Click on save bottom from current box.

CLOSE
To close the current window or current document.

• Click on File menu and choose Close option.

Exit
To exit from current program.

• Click on File menu and choose Exit option and click.

Save As
Saves the active file with a different file name.

• Open the saving file.
• Click on file menu and choose Save As option.
• Then a dialogue box will display.
• Type the File name at File Name box
• Click on save button.

Page setupThis option is used to Sets margins, (Top, bottom, right, left) Paper source, Paper size, (A4, Letter, Custom) Page orientation Style, (Portrait & Landscape) and other layout options for the active file.

• Click on File menu and choose Page Setup option.
• Then a dialogue box will Display.
• Choose the margin from current box. (Left, Right, Top, Bottom, Gutter)
• Choose the paper size from current box. (A4 Size, Letter Size, Custom Size)
• Choose the Orientation Style. (Portrait & Landscapes)
• Click on OK Option.

Note: If you want to always same setting style, then click on Default button from page setup box. And click on Yes

Print Preview.

This option is used to see the document in printing styling this option, we can find, how t6he document is going to be print exactly.

• After creation the text, Click on the File menu.
• Choose Print Preview option
• Define zoom size, as you want.
• Then click on Close button from Preview box to go back.

Properties
Displays the property sheet for the active tile.

• After creation the document, first save the document in your file name.
• Click on File menu and choose Properties option.
• Then write Title, Subject, Author and comment (Up to 255 characters)
• Click on OK

To see the Properties

• First open your file.
• Click on File menu and choose Properties.
• Then you will see the summary of your file.
• Then click on Close button.

Edit Menu

Undo
This option is used to return to the previous effect.

• Type the text and delete the text.
• Click on Edit menu and choose Undo option.

Redo
To repeat the last action.

• Click on Edit menu and choose Redo option

To cut the selection and puts it on the Clipboard.

• Select the required text.
• Click on Edit menu and choose Cut option

Copy
Copies the selected text or object and puts it on the Clipboard.

• Select the required text or object.
• Click on Edit menu and choose Copy option.

Paste.
This option is used to insert the Clipboard contents at the insertion point.

• Place the cursor pointer at the required area
• Click on Edit menu and choose Paste option.

Paste Special
This is used to paste any object, Image, Text which is copied by another application .

• Click on Edit menu. Select Paste Special
• Choose the any option by which you want to paste.
• Click on ok.

Clear.
Performs a forward delete or removes the selection without putting it on the Clipboard.

• Select the required text.
• Click on Edit menu and choose Select all option.

Find
This option is used to Search any specific or any character, word of the document

• Type the text.
• Place the cursor at the required are.
• Click on Edit menu and choose Find option.
• A dialogue box will display
• Type the finding word at Find What box.
• Clicking the Find Next button from current box.

Replace
To replace on word into required word of the document.

• Type the text.
• Place the cursor at the required area.
• Click on Edit menu and choose Replace option.
• Type the finding word at Find What box
• Type the replacing word at Replace With box.
• Click on Replace All button from current box
• Click on Yes button
• Click on Close button.

Go To
To go to on page in to required page of the document.

• Type the many pages.
• Place the cursor at the required page.
• Click on Edit menu and choose Go To option.
• A dialogue box will display
• Type the require page number at Enter page number box.
• Click on Go To button from current box.
• Click on Close button.

View Menu

Normal View:
This view is used to enter and edit the document quickly. This view does not display top and bottom margin, header and footer, page numbers etc.

• Click on View menu and choose Normal option.

Print Layout / Page Layout
This is an actual view. The document will appear exactly at a printing style. This view shows all items of the document.

• Click on View menu and choose Print Layout / Page layout option.

Outline View
This view shows only the heading and last portion of the document by hiding the remaining text. This view helps to work more efficiently with longer document.

Tool bars
There are various toolbars, which helps to work easily and more efficiently. However, the following toolbars are most usable toolbars:

1. Standard toolbar
2. Formatting toolbars
3. Drawing toolbars


Note: Table and Boarder toolbar, WordArt, Picture toolbars are also used while working with respective jobs.

1. Click on view menu and choose Tool bars option.
2. Choose the required tool bars from current list (Once click on show or one click on hide)

Ruler
Displays or hides the horizontal ruler, which you can use to position objects, change paragraph indents, page margins, and other spacing settings.

1. Click on View menu and choose Show/Hide ruler (Once click on show or one click on hide ruler)

Header and Footer.
Header: The set of characters which appears in every page at the top of the document is called Header and footer. This contains company's name, Chapter heading, title etc.
Note: You can insert any types of text, page number, Date and Time, symbol and auto text as a Header or Footer by using insert menu or Header and Footer toolbar.

• After creating document
• Click on View menu and choose Header and Footer option
• Type the header text in Header box.
• Type the header & footer.
• Press the Down aero key from keyboard. (Or) Click on switch between header & footer.
• Then type the footer text at Footer box.
• Click on Close.

To remove Header and Footer

• Click on view menu and choose Header and Footer option
• Delete the header text form current box.
• Click on close button from current box.

Full Screen
This option is used to see the document in full screen by hiding all types of toolbars.

• Click on View menu and choose Full Screen option.
• Then click on Close full Screen button from Full Screen button.

ZoomThis option is used to see the document in different size. This option only magnifies the document. We can't change the font size by using this option.

• Click on View menu and choose Zoom option.
• Choose the required percentage from current box.
• Click on OK button.
  Note:- Actually size is 100%

 Normal View:

This view is used to enter and edit the document quickly. This view does not display top and bottom margin, header and footer, page numbers etc.

Ø            Click on View menu and choose Normal option.

Print Layout / Page Layout

This is an actual view. The document will appear exactly at a printing style. This view shows all items of the document.

Ø            Click on View menu and choose Print Layout / Page layout option.

Outline View

This view shows only the heading and last portion of the document by hiding the remaining text. This view helps to work more efficiently with longer document.

Tool bars

There are various toolbars, which helps to work easily and more efficiently. However, the following toolbars are most usable toolbars:

1.      Standard toolbar

2.      Formatting toolbars

3.      Drawing toolbars

Note: Table and Boarder toolbar, WordArt, Picture toolbars are also used while working with respective jobs.

Ø            Click on view menu and choose Tool bars option.

Ø            Choose the required tool bars from current list (Once click on show or one click on hide)

Ruler

Displays or hides the horizontal ruler, which you can use to position objects, change paragraph indents, page margins, and other spacing settings.

Ø            Click on View menu and choose Show/Hide ruler (Once click on show or one click on hide ruler)

Header and Footer.

Header:  The set of characters which appears in every page at the top of the document is called Header and footer. This contains company’s name, Chapter heading, title etc.

Note: You can insert any types of text, page number, Date and Time, symbol and auto text as a Header or Footer by using insert menu or Header and Footer toolbar.

Ø            After creating document

Ø            Click on View menu and choose Header and Footer option

Ø            Type the header text in Header box.

Ø            Type the header & footer.

Ø            Press the Down aero key from keyboard. (Or) Click on switch between header & footer.

Ø            Then type the footer text at Footer box.

Ø            Click on Close.

To remove Header and Footer

Ø            Click on view menu and choose Header and Footer option

Ø            Delete the header text form current box.

Ø            Click on close button from current box.

Full Screen

This option is used to see the document in full screen by hiding all types of toolbars.

Ø            Click on View menu and choose Full Screen option.

Ø            Then click on Close full Screen button from Full Screen button.

Zoom

This option is used to see the document in different size. This option only magnifies the document. We can't change the font size by using this option.

Ø            Click on View menu and choose Zoom option.

Ø            Choose the required percentage from current box.

Ø            Click on OK button.

Note:- Actually size is  100%

Insert Menu

Break

Inserts a page break, column break, or section break at the insertion point.

Ø            Type the text.

Ø            Click on View menu and choose Normal View option.

Ø            Place the cursor at the required line.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Break option.

Ø            A dialogue box will display

Ø            Click on Page Break radio button.

Ø            Click on OK.

To remove break

Ø            Place the cursor pointer at the page break area

Ø            Press the Delete key from keyboard.

Section Break Types.

Ø            Keep your cursor Choose the Required Line in the document.

Ø            Click on Insert menu

Ø            Click on Break.

Ø            Then a dialogue box will display.

Ø            Choose the Section break Types “Continuous” option.

Ø            Click on ok.

Ø            Go to Format menu

Ø            Choose the columns option

Ø            Choose the anyone presets

Ø            Type the number of columns

Ø            Click on Line between

Ø            Choose the column spacing

Ø            Click on ok.

Page Number

Inserts page numbers that automatically update when you add or delete pages.

Ø            Open the document

Ø            Click on Insert Menu.

Ø            Click on Page Numbers.

Ø            A dialogue box will display. 

Ø            Choose Position the (button of the page) footer, or (Top of the page) header from position box.

Ø            Choose the required Right, Left, Center form Alignment box.

         If you want to change page number style then click on Format button and choose required page number style Format page number box

Ø            Click on OK button

Ø            Click on OK button

To remove page Number

Ø            Click on View menu and choose Header and footer option.

Ø            Delete the Page number from current box.

Ø            Click on Close button from current box.

Date and Time

To insert the Date and time in the current cursor position.

Ø            Place he cursor pointer at the required area.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Date and time option.

Ø            Choose the current date from Date and dime box.

Ø            Click on OK button.

Symbol

To insert symbol or special character in the current cursor position.

Ø            Place the cursor pointer at the required area.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Symbol option.

Ø            A dialogue box will be display

Ø            Choose the required font style from Font drop down list.

Ø            Choose the required symbol style from current box.

Ø            Click on Insert button.

Ø            Click on Close button.

Auto Text

A storage location for text or graphics you want to use again-for example, a mailing address you use often, a standard contract clause, or a long distribution list for memos. Each selection of text or graphics is recorded as an Auto text entry and is assigned a unique name.

Ø            Select the text or picture or graph to be included in auto Text.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Auto Text option

Ø            Select new option

Ø            Type the name of Auto Text at Please name your Auto Text entry: box

Ø            Click on OK button.

To insert Auto Text in the current cursor position

Ø            Place the cursor at the required area.

Ø            Click on Insert menu

Ø            Click on Auto Text option.

Ø            Select your auto text name from Auto Text list

Ø            Click on Insert button from current box.

Ø            Click on OK.

Comment

A comment is a note which user or viewer adds to a document. Each comment is identified by a mark.

Ø            Type the text

Ø            Place the cursor pointer at the required area.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Comment option.

Ø            Type the Comment text at comment plane area at the button of the screen

Ø            Then, click on Close button.

Footnote and Endnote

This option is used to insert footnote/endnote in the document. A footnote is the note of a text in the document. The text has some references, which are mention in footnote.

Footnote: It appears at the bottom of the current page.

Endnote: It appears at the end of the document

Ø            Type the text

Ø            Place the cursor pointer at just behind the world for which we are going to put clearance word.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Foot Note option

Ø            A dialogue box will display

Ø            Click on Foot Note. If the numbering format is not satisfied

Ø            Click on Options… button

Ø            Choose required number style from Number format.

Ø            Click on Ok

Ø            Click on OK

Ø            Then type the foot Note text.

Table of Contents:

            This option is used to create a simple but very usable Table of Contents.

a                 First format the document's heading by using standard heading style given at the left edge of the formatting toolbar.

a                 The, place the cursor, where you want to insert table of contents (e.g. initial or final of the document).

a                 Go to Insert menu.

a                

Click on Index and Tale., Then, Index and Table dialog box with different folders will appear.

a                 Choose Table of Contents folder (tab).

a                 Choose required style by viewing its sample.

a                 Also, Define required no. Of levels, how many you want to include in Table of Contents.

a                 Also, define required tab leader style like dash, dot etc.

a                 At last, click on ok.

Microsoft Equation:

With the help of this feature, you can insert nay types of equations format.

a                 Place the cursor at the required place, where you want to insert equation.

a                 Go to insert menu.

a                 Click on Object.

a                 Choose Ms. Microsoft Equation 3.0

a                 Click on Ok, Then, Ms equation 3.0 dialog box with equation toolbar will appear.

a                 Choose required style and type the equation as per requirement.

a                 After finishing your work, click anywhere inside the document.

Note: You can resize it by using any required handle and move it by clicking inside it and dragging up to destination.  

Editing Equation

a     Double click on the required equation, which you want to edit.

a     Then, edit as per requirement by using equation toolbar.

a     At last, click anywhere inside the document.

Picture

Clipart

Ø            Place the cursor pointer at the required place.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Picture option

Ø           

Clip art gallery will display

Ø            Select Clip Art option.

Ø            Choose the required picture form current picture box.

Ø            Click on Insert button from current box.

Auto Shapes

To drawing the auto shapes in the document.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Picture option

Ø           

Select Auto Shapes option, Then Auto Shape tool box will appears

                     

Ø            Choose the Auto Shapes style from Auto Shapes box.

Ø            Click and drag mouse pointer at the where to put.

Note: After creating any kinds of shape, you can feel color, to change stroke style and to put text into this shape.

Word art

From word art we can make different designs, colors, rotate stretch, shadow etc. of words.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose Picture option

Ø            Select Word Art

Ø            Word art option will be display

Ø            Choose the word art style from box

Ø            Click on OK button

Ø            Type the text at text box.

Ø            Click on OK

File…

Inserts all or part of the file you select, into the active file at the insertion point.

Ø            Place the cursor pointer at the required place.

Ø            Click on Insert menu and choose file… option

Ø            Select the file

Ø            Click on Insert button.

 

Insert Object

This option is used to insert different object like as equation, bitmap image, clipart, word art, graph chart etc.

Ø            Click on Insert menu

Ø            Click on Object

Ø            Then, a dialog box will display

  

Ø            Choose the Microsoft Clip Gallery.

Ø            Click on Ok.

Ø            Choose the Insert Clip

Ø            Choose the Picture and Insert Clip (I-con)

Ø            Close the Picture (×)

Hyperlink (ctrl +K)

Colored and Underlined text or a graphic that you click to go to a file, a Location in a file, an HTML page on the word wide web or, an HTML page on an Internet.

Note: Hyper Text Mark Of Language

Ø            Type the Text and Saving Document

Ø            Click on Insert Menu

Ø            Click on Hyperlink Option

Ø            Then, a dialog box will display

Ø            Click on Browse for. (File Option)

Ø            Choose the file Name From File Location

Ø            Click on Ok

Ø            Click on Ok

 

To Insert Bookmark

Ø            Select the required text where you want to insert bookmark.

Ø            Click on Insert menu

Ø            Click on Bookmark command.

Ø            Than a bookmark dialog box will display.

Ø            Type a bookmark name

Ø            Click on Add button

To Go to The Bookmark.

Ø            First open the document that contains bookmark.

Ø            Click on Edit menu

Ø            Click on Go to Command

Ø            Then a dialog box will display.

Ø            Choose Bookmark from go to what option

Ø            Click on go to button.

Ø            Click on Cancel.

Format Menu

Font: -

Þ                Select the required text or document.

Þ                Click on format menu.

Þ                Click on Font Command.

Þ                Then a dialogue box will display.

Þ                Choose the required font name, font style

 font size, font color, underline, effect etc.

Þ                Click on ok.

 

Character Spacing

Þ                Select the text or document

Þ                Click on format menu

Þ                Click on font, then a dialogue box will display.

Þ                Click on character spacing.

Þ                Choose the spacing (Expanded) By 4 Pt.

Þ                Click on ok.

To Apply text effect.

Þ                Select the required text.

Þ                Click on Format menu.

Þ                Click on font command.

Þ                Then a dialogue box will display.

Þ                Click on text effect tab.

Þ                Choose any Animation effect.

Þ                Click on Ok.

To remove text effect.

Þ                Select the text that contains effect.

Þ                Click on Format menu.

Þ                Click on Font command.

Þ                Then a dialog box will display.

Þ                Click on Text effect tab.

Þ                Choose none option.

Þ                Click on Ok.

 

To set Paragraph

Þ                Select the required text.

Þ                Click on Format menu.

Þ                Click on Paragraph command.

Þ                Then a dialogue box will display.

Þ                Click on Indents & Spacing tab.

Þ                Choose the required, alignment. (Left, center, justified etc.)

Þ                Set the required left and right indents from Indentation option.

Þ                Choose First line or hanging from special option.

Þ                Select the required spacing for before and after option.

Þ                Choose the any line spacing style.

Þ                Click on ok.

TO ADD BULLETS & NUMBERING.

            This option is used to identify/separate the text/paragraph with some special character (bullet) or serial numbers by using in front of it.

BULLETS:

Þ                First type the list and select it.

Þ                Click on Format menu.

Þ                Click on Bulleted & numbering Command.

Þ                Them a dialogue box will display.

Þ                Click on Bulleted tab for bulleting and Numbered tab for numbering

Þ                Choose any Bulleting or Numbering Style.

Þ                To change the style and other options click on Customize button.

Þ                Choose the any style.

Þ                Click on ok.

TO REMOVE BULLETS & NUMBERING.

Þ                Select the list that contains Bullets & Numbering

Þ                Click on Format menu.

Þ                Click on Bullets &Numbering Command.

Þ                Then a dialog box appears.

Þ                Choose None Option

Þ                Click on Ok.

TO ADD NUMBERING.

Numbering the Text.

This option is used to insert the numbering.

Þ    First type the list and select it.

Þ    Click on Format menu.

Þ    Click on Bulleted & numbering Command.

Þ    Click on Numbering.

Þ    Then a dialogue box will display.

Þ    Click on Number, Choose the Number Style.

Þ    Click on ok.

Customize

Þ                Click on Format Menu.

Þ                Click on Bullets & Numbering

Þ                Then a dialogue Box will display.

Þ                Select the Bullets “or” Numbering Style

Þ                Click on Customize, then a dialogue box will display.

Þ                Choose the Font Size.

Þ                Click on Bullet Or Number

Þ                Choose the Symbol font Or Number.

Þ                Click on ok

Þ                Click on ok

Borders and Shading

This option is used to improve the appearance of the required text by using different types of Boarder and Shading.

A. BORDERS

Þ                Select the text Or Document

Þ                Click on Format Menu.

Þ                Click on Borders & shading.

Þ                Then a dialogue Box will display.

  

  Þ                Choose the borders, option.

Þ                Select the setting (Shadow)

Þ                Choose the style

Þ                Choose the color.

Þ                Click on ok.

B. PAGE BORDER

This option is used to add required boarder to whole page of the document.  

Þ                Select the text Or Document

Þ                Click on Format Menu.

Þ                Click on Borders & shading.

Þ                Then a dialogue Box will display.

Þ                Choose the Page Border option

Þ                Choose the Art: option

Þ                Choose the width: Number (35)

Þ                Click on ok

C. SHADING 

Þ                Select the text Or Document

Þ                Click on Format Menu.

Þ                Click on Borders & shading.

Þ                Then a dialogue Box will display.

Þ                Choose the Shading option

Þ                Choose the Color option.

Þ                Click on ok

Column This option is used to define column to the document. We can design document in column Layout.

Þ                Go to Format menu

Þ                Choose the Column Number.

Þ                Then a dialogue box will display.

Þ                Choose the Any one Column Style As you like or Type the Number of Column from column box.

Þ                Choose the space between columns as you like and click at line between to display line between two Columns.

Þ                Choose the columns spacing from spacing box.

 Drop Cap

This menu option is used to design the document. It helps to give big capital of the initial letter of the document.

Þ                Select the required text or Alphabet

Þ                Click on Format menu.

Þ                Click on Drop Cap

Þ                Then a dialogue box will display.

Þ                Choose the Position Any one Drop Style.

Þ                Choose the Drop text font name.

Þ                Choose the Line to drop number from line to drop box.

Þ                Choose the Distance from text number from box.

Þ                Click on ok.

Theme

This menu option is used to Formatting document in selected theme Background Style.

Þ                Type the text or Open the document.

Þ                Click on Format menu, & click on Theme.

Þ                Then display different theme format style.

Þ                Choose the any one style 

Þ                Click on ok.

Frames

This option is used to set selected frames format in current document.

Þ                Click on Format menu, & Click on frames.

Þ                Then display frames format option, choose the any one style.

Þ                Then formatting document in selected document

Þ                Click on ok.

Tab Setting

This menu option is used to setting tab in required tab in required text of the document.

Þ      Select the Data.

Þ      Go to Format menu.

Þ      Click on Tab Setting.

Þ      Then a dialogue box will display.

Þ      Type the required number at tab stop position criteria.

Þ      Click at set to setting tab.

Þ      If you want to set other tab then you repeat above step 3 to 4.

Þ      Click at ok.

Þ      If you want to dear the tab then click at clear.

Auto Format

It helps to format document automatically using by template style.

Þ      Select the Text Or Document.

Þ      Go to Format Menu.

Þ      Click on Auto format option.

Þ      Then dialogue box will display.

Þ      Choose auto format now and click at ok

Style

Þ      Click on Format menu.

Þ      Go to Style

Þ      Then a dialogue box will display.

Þ      Choose the modify, and click on Format option

Þ      Choose the any one format style

Þ      Click on ok.

 

To Change Case.

Þ      Select the required text of which you can to change case.

Þ      Click on Format menu.

Þ      Click on Change Case.

Þ      Then a dialogue box will display.

  

Þ      Choose the Any one case Style. (Sentence Case, Upper Case, Lower Case, Title Case, Toggle Case,)

Þ      Click on Ok.

 

To change the background of document.

Þ      Click on Format Menu

Þ      Click on Background command.

Þ      Then click on the required color

Þ      Click on more colors option for more other colors.

Þ      To fill effects click on Fill effects options.

Þ      Choose any effect.

Þ      Click on ok.

To apply style.

Þ      Select the required text.

Þ      Click on format menu.

Þ      Click on Style command.

Þ      Then a style dialog box appears.

Þ      Click all style from list option.

Þ      Choose any style.

Þ      Click on Apply button.

To create table of contents.

Þ      First type the text with heading levels.

Þ      Put the cursor at the beginning of document.

Þ      Click on Insert menu.

Þ      Click on Index & Table command.

Þ      Then a dialog box appears.

Þ      Click on Table of contains tab.

Þ      Choose the required format, level etc.

Þ      Click on ok button.

Tools Menu

To check spelling & Grammar.

Þ      First Place your cursor at the beginning of document.

Þ      Click on Tools menu.

Þ      Click on Spelling & Grammar command.

Þ      Then a spelling & Grammar dialog box appears.

Þ      Now computer will display the spelling & grammar mistakes of your document and also suggestions for them.

Þ      To correct the mistake, choose any suggestion and click on Ignore button.

Þ      To add the word in computer dictionary, click on add button.

 

To replace the word with synonyms or antonyms.

Þ      Select the required word.

Þ      Click on tools menu.

Þ      Click on language command.

Þ      Click on Thesaurus command.

Þ      Then a dialog box appears.

Þ      Choose any synonym or antonym word.

Þ      Click on Replace button.

Using word count command.

Þ      Select the required paragraph or text.

Þ      Click on tools menu.

Þ      Click on Word count command.

Þ      Now a message box will appear.

Þ      To close the message box, click on Close button.

Using Auto Correct Command.

            This option is used to correct some universal truth (related to text) automatically, also to correct some confusing words. This option also helps to define (create) shortcut for long text as well as to convert and control the keys effect of keyboard.

Before creating a document,

Þ      Click on Tools menu.

Þ      Click on Auto correct command.

Then, Auto correct dialog box with different folders will appear.

Þ       Put the tick mark on all required option.

Þ      Choose Auto Format as you type folder.

Þ      Put the tick mark on 1^st three option of Replace as you type.

Þ      Click on Ok.

Then, Write the text.

Auto correct helps to:

Þ      Correct two initial capitals.

Þ      Capitalize the 1^st letter of sentence.

Þ      Capitalize name of Days.

Þ      Correct accidental usage of Caps Lock key.

Þ       Replace text as you type.

Þ      Change Straight quote with Smart quote("--------" "------------")

Þ      Ordinals (1st) with superscript (1^st ).

Þ      Fractions (1/2 ) with fraction character (_1/2).

To protect document.

Þ      Click on Tools menu.

Þ      Click on Protect document command.

Þ      Then a dialogue box appears.

Þ      Click on Comments or From option.

Þ      Type a password in Password box.

Þ      Click on Ok.

Þ      Again type the same password.

Þ      Click on Ok.

To unprotect document.

Þ      First open the protected document.

Þ      Click on Tools menu.

Þ      Click on Unprotect document command.

Þ      Then a password box appears.

Þ      Enter your password.

Þ      Click on Ok.

Mail Merge

This option is used to send the same document to the different person/company at a time. After completing the process.

Þ      First create a format of letter or invitation etc.

Þ      Click on Tools menu.

Þ      Click on Mail Merge command.

Þ      Then a mail merge helper dialogue box appears.

Þ      From the Main document option, create button.

Þ      Click on from letters.

Þ      Then a massage box appears.

Þ      Click on Active window button.

Þ      Now click on Get data button of Data source option.

Þ      Choose Create data source.

Þ      Now a dialogue box will appears.

Þ      Choose the required field names and add your own new fields.

Þ      Click on Ok button.

Þ      Now a save dialogue box appears.

Þ      Type a file name and click on Save button.

Þ      Then a massage box appears.

Þ      Click on Edit data source.

Þ      Now a data from appears.

Þ      Enter the required data.

Þ      Click on Ok button.

Þ      Now a mail merge toolbar appears on the screen.

Þ      Place your cursor at the required place of document.

Þ      Click on Insert merge field of mail merge toolbar.

Þ      Click the field names one by one.

Þ      Then click on Merge button of Mail merge toolbar.

Þ      Now a dialogue box appears.

Þ      Choose all option.

Þ      Click Merge button.

To type address in envelopes

Þ      Click on tools menu.

Þ      Click on Envelope tab.

Þ      Command

Þ      Then a dialogue box appears.

Þ      Click on Envelope tab.

Þ      Type the delivery and return.

Þ      Address

Þ      Click on option button.

Þ      Choose any envelope size.

Þ      Click other required options.

Þ      Click on Ok.

Þ      Then a click on Add to document button.

Or,

Þ      Click on print button if you have set the envelope in printer.

To create letters using Letter wizard

Þ      Click on Tools menu.

Þ      Click on Letter wizard.

Þ      Command

Þ      Then a wizard box appears .

Þ      Click on Letters format tab.

Þ      Click the data line option, and choose any data format.

Þ      Choose any page design and letter style.

Þ      Click on Recipient's info tab.

Þ      Type the required information.

Þ      Click on Other elements tab.

Þ      Click on Sender info tab.

Þ      Type the required information.

Þ      Click on Ok button.

Macro:

            This option is used to define (store) required text with special shortcut key for future use.

Recording macro:

a                 Go to Tools menu.

a                 Choose Macro.

a                 Choose Record new macro and click on it.

Then, record macro dialog box will appear.

a                 Click on keyboard to assign a keyboard shortcut for a macro.

a                 Give required shortcut by using Ctrl or, Alt key with any letters or number at short key here box.

a                 Click on Assign.

a                 Click on Close.

Then, record the required text.

a                 When finished, click on Stop recording button anywhere inside the document,

Playing Macro:

a                 Place the cursor at the require location, where you want to place the recording macro.

a                 Then, press pre-defined shortcut.

Table Menu

To draw table

Þ      Click on Table menu.

Þ      Click on draw table command.

Þ      A dialogue box will display

Þ      Then a toolbar of Table & Borders appears and your mouse pointer will change into pencil sign.

Þ      Press the mouse button and drag it to draw table.

To insert Table

Ø                  Put the cursor at the required place of document.

Ø                  Click on Table menu.

Ø                  Click on Insert command.

Ø                  Click on Table.

Ø                  Then a dialogue box appears.

Ø                  Type the required number of rows & Columns.

Ø                  Choose any options from Auto fit behavior.

Ø                  Click on ok.

To select row \column\table 

Put the cursor at the required cell box.

Click on Table menu.

Click on Select command.

Then choose any option.

(Row , Column , Table etc)

To insert rows

Select the required rows where you want to insert new rows.

Click on Table menu.

Click on Insert command.

Then click on Rows above or Rows below option.

To insert Columns

Select the required columns where you want to insert new columns.

Click on Table menu.

Click on Insert command.

Choose Columns to the left or Columns to the right option.

To delete rows\columns \table

Select the rows or columns or table which you want to delete.

Click on Table menu.

Click on Delete command.

Then click the required option.

(Row\ column\table etc)

To merge cell

Þ      Select the required cells you want to merge .

Þ      Click on Table menu.

Þ      Click on Merge command.

To spilt cells

Þ      Select the required cells.

Þ      Click on Table menu .

Þ      Click on Spilt cells command.

Þ      Then a dialogue box command.

Þ      Type the required number of rows & columns.

Þ      Click on Ok.

To spilt table

Þ      Put the cursor at the required cell from where you want to spilt table .

Þ      Click on Table menu.

Þ      Click on Table command.

To Auto Format table

Þ      Select the table.

Þ      Click on Table menu.

Þ      Click on Table Auto Format command.

Þ      Then a dialogue box appears.

Þ      Choose any format.

Þ      Click on Ok.

To convert table to table / text to table

Þ                Click on Table menu.

Þ                Click on Convert command.

Þ                Then click on table to text or text to table command a required.

Þ                Select the table or text.

Þ                Now a dialogue box appears.

Þ                Click the required option.

Þ      Click on Ok.

To sort table

This option is used to for sorting the list in ascending or descending order.    

Þ                Select the table first.

Þ                Click on Table menu.

Þ                Click on Sort command.

Þ                Then a sort dialogue box appears.

Þ                Choose the base key (Columns or S.N. or Particular) from sort by criteria.

Þ                Choose the ascending or Descending as you like.

Þ                Click on ok.

Working with multiple documents

Click on Open button of standard toolbar.

Select the multiple filenames using Ctrl key.

Click on Open button.

Then click on Window menu.

Click on Arrange all command.

(To save and close all the opened documents at once, press and hold down Shift key,

Click on File menu and click on save all or close all command as required.

To spilt window

This option is used to split (divide) Screen.

Click on Window menu.

Click on Spilt command.

Move your mouse pointer to the required place of document.

Press the mouse button.

[To remove spilt. click Window menu and click on Remove spilt command.]

Short Cut Keys

After Highlight

Ctrl + A = Select All

Ctrl + B = Bold (on/off)

Ctrl + C  = Copy

Ctrl + D = Change font size, font style.

Ctrl + E = Alignment Center.

Ctrl + F = Find.

Ctrl + G = Go To.

Ctrl + H = Replace.

Ctrl + I = Italic  (on/off)

Ctrl + J = Alignment Justify.

Ctrl + K = Hyperlink.

Ctrl + L = Alignment Left.

Ctrl + M = Tab.(Forward Handing indent)

Ctrl + N = Create a new window or blank document.

Ctrl + O= Open File.

Ctrl + P = Print.

Ctrl + R = Alignment Right.

Ctrl + S = Save the document.

Ctrl + U = Underline

Ctrl + V = Paste.

Ctrl + W = File Close.

Ctrl + X = Cut

Ctrl + Y = Redo

Ctrl + Z = Undo

Ctrl + Shift

Ctrl +Shift +  D           = Double Underline

Ctrl +Shift +  P           = Font Size

Ctrl +Shift +  F           = Font Style

Ctrl +Shift +  (+)         = Superscript  (e.g. 1^st )  on/off

Ctrl  +    ( +)                = Subscript (e.g. O₂ ) on/off

Ctrl +Shift +  >            = Enlarge Font size by two digits.

Ctrl +Shift +   <           = Reduce font size by two digits.

Ctrl  +   F                    = File menu

Ctrl  +  F4                   =  Exit from Current program.

Ctrl  + [                        =    Reduce Font size by One digit.

Ctrl  +     ]                    =   Enlarge Font size by One digit.

Ctrl  +         1               =  Single space (Line)

Ctrl  +        2                =   Double space ( Line)

Ctrl  +        5                =  1½  space ( Line)